Plus, burps of hot plasma and sticky galaxy gas.
from Wired http://bit.ly/2Rqp3MU
via
Saturday, June 22, 2019
Friday, June 21, 2019
“Nanoemulsion” gels offer new way to deliver drugs through the skin
MIT chemical engineers have devised a new way to create very tiny droplets of one liquid suspended within another liquid, known as nanoemulsions. Such emulsions are similar to the mixture that forms when you shake an oil-and-vinegar salad dressing, but with much smaller droplets. Their tiny size allows them to remain stable for relatively long periods of time.
The researchers also found a way to easily convert the liquid nanoemulsions to a gel when they reach body temperature (37 degrees Celsius), which could be useful for developing materials that can deliver medication when rubbed on the skin or injected into the body.
“The pharmaceutical industry is hugely interested in nanoemulsions as a way of delivering small molecule therapeutics. That could be topically, through ingestion, or by spraying into the nose, because once you start getting into the size range of hundreds of nanometers you can permeate much more effectively into the skin,” says Patrick Doyle, the Robert T. Haslam Professor of Chemical Engineering and the senior author of the study.
In their new study, which appears in the June 21 issue of Nature Communications, the researchers created nanoemulsions that were stable for more than a year. To demonstrate the emulsions’ potential usefulness for delivering drugs, the researchers showed that they could incorporate ibuprofen into the droplets.
Seyed Meysam Hashemnejad, a former MIT postdoc, is the first author of the study. Other authors include former postdoc Abu Zayed Badruddoza, L’Oréal senior scientist Brady Zarket, and former MIT summer research intern Carlos Ricardo Castaneda.
Energy reduction
One of the easiest ways to create an emulsion is to add energy — by shaking your salad dressing, for example, or using a homogenizer to break down fat globules in milk. The more energy that goes in, the smaller the droplets, and the more stable they are.
Nanoemulsions, which contain droplets with a diameter 200 nanometers or smaller, are desirable not only because they are more stable, but they also have a higher ratio of surface area to volume, which allows them to carry larger payloads of active ingredients such as drugs or sunscreens.
Over the past few years, Doyle’s lab has been working on lower-energy strategies for making nanoemulsions, which could make the process easier to adapt for large-scale industrial manufacturing.
Detergent-like chemicals called surfactants can speed up the formation of emulsions, but many of the surfactants that have previously been used for creating nanoemulsions are not FDA-approved for use in humans. Doyle and his students chose two surfactants that are uncharged, which makes them less likely to irritate the skin, and are already FDA-approved as food or cosmetic additives. They also added a small amount of polyethylene glycol (PEG), a biocompatible polymer used for drug delivery that helps the solution to form even smaller droplets, down to about 50 nanometers in diameter.
“With this approach, you don’t have to put in much energy at all,” Doyle says. “In fact, a slow stirring bar almost spontaneously creates these super small emulsions.”
Active ingredients can be mixed into the oil phase before the emulsion is formed, so they end up loaded into the droplets of the emulsion.
Once they had developed a low-energy way to create nanoemulsions, using nontoxic ingredients, the researchers added a step that would allow the emulsions to be easily converted to gels when they reach body temperature. They achieved this by incorporating heat-sensitive polymers called poloxamers, or Pluronics, which are already FDA-approved and used in some drugs and cosmetics.
Pluronics contain three “blocks” of polymers: The outer two regions are hydrophilic, while the middle region is slightly hydrophobic. At room temperature, these molecules dissolve in water but do not interact much with the droplets that form the emulsion. However, when heated, the hydrophobic regions attach to the droplets, forcing them to pack together more tightly and creating a jelly-like solid. This process happens within seconds of heating the emulsion to the necessary temperature.
MIT chemical engineers have devised a way to convert liquid nanoemulsions into solid gels. These gels (red) form almost instantaneously when drops of the liquid emulsion enter warm water.
Tunable properties
The researchers found that they could tune the properties of the gels, including the temperature at which the material becomes a gel, by changing the size of the emulsion droplets and the concentration and structure of the Pluronics that they added to the emulsion. They can also alter traits such as elasticity and yield stress, which is a measure of how much force is needed to spread the gel.
Doyle is now exploring ways to incorporate a variety of active pharmaceutical ingredients into this type of gel. Such products could be useful for delivering topical medications to help heal burns or other types of injuries, or could be injected to form a “drug depot” that would solidify inside the body and release drugs over an extended period of time. These droplets could also be made small enough that they could be used in nasal sprays for delivering inhalable drugs, Doyle says.
For cosmetic applications, this approach could be used to create moisturizers or other products that are more shelf-stable and feel smoother on the skin.
The research was funded by L’Oréal.
from MIT News http://bit.ly/2J0c6Wn
via
Oprah considering a reboot of ‘The Oprah Winfrey Show’
Could Oprah Winfrey be considering a reboot of her classic The Oprah Winfrey Show that we’ve come to love and know her for?
Surely, we’d love for Winfrey to get a new talk show as much as we loved seeing everyone in her old audience get a car!
It’s been eight years since the show aired and Winfrey’s got the show on her mind and opened up to Entertainment Tonight about the possibly of bringing it back.
“I would love to make that happen, let me tell you. But maybe not every day,” Winfrey said. “For 25 years, it was perfect.”
READ MORE: Oprah Winfrey praises Toni Morrison at Manhattan dinner gala
While Winfrey, 65, probably misses all the interaction she had with her die-hard audience, she’s been busy running her Oprah Winfrey Network and still has the opportunity to interview stars one-on-one on occasion.
There are other moments when the media mogul misses having a show. Winfrey admits she has longed for her show during election season and when a major news event takes flight.
“The only time I missed it was during the election or when something really big happens in the news. I think, ‘Oh gee, I wish I had a show.'”
READ MORE: Whoopi Goldberg defends Joe Biden saying he is not a racist
TV is definitely in Winfrey’s DNA but her path to monumental success hasn’t been easy.
Winfrey opened up about her hard-fought path to success in new book, The Path Made Clear: Discovering Your Life’s Direction and Purpose. She’s currently touring promoting her book and revealed that while she’s now a media mogul, at one time she was told her looks didn’t fit the bill. “They told me I was the wrong color, the wrong size,” she said.
But Winfrey resilience kicked in and she didn’t give up on her TV dreams.”My path became clear the moment, I remember it actually, when I flew into Chicago,” she shared. “I thought, ‘If the show isn’t successful, then I’m going to go into advertising.'”
This is proof that your haters should definitely be your motivators!
The post Oprah considering a reboot of ‘The Oprah Winfrey Show’ appeared first on theGrio.
from theGrio https://on.thegrio.com/2L2KIto
via
Family of injured Georgia teen wants police body camera footage released
A grieving Georgia family wants a full independent investigation into an unfortunate fluke that landed a 19-year-old in the hospital with neck fractures and a severe spinal cord injury after running away from the cops.
As Jaylin Hughes lays in the hospital with the possibly looming that he may never walk again, his family wants the body camera footage released, which they believe could explain the circumstances Hughes was facing.
However, McDonough police maintain that Hughes was being pursues on June 12 because he allegedly was smoking marijuana with a group of other teens inside a car parked at an apartment complex on Flowers Creek, WSBTV reports.
READ MORE: Mother of NYC teacher who died in Dominican Republic says officials ‘lying’ about cause of death
Cops said Hughes made a run for it and fell and suffered multiple neck fractures and a critical spinal cord injury.
“He attempted to climb the fence and was unsuccessful. The officer gave verbal notice that he was going to deploy his Taser and then deployed Taser,” Maj. Kyle Helgerson said. “Mr. Hughes was able to get on the fence after the Taser was deployed. The officer then turned his Taser off and there was only a one-second Taser deployment.”
But Hughes’ family wants internal affairs investigation to reveal the details of transpired in the next moments after the taser was deployed and the moment he fell was critically injured.
“The officer ran toward Mr. Hughes and attempted to get him off the fence but was unsuccessful. Apparently, Mr. Hughes’ momentum pulled him over the fence and he slipped out of the officer’s hands,” Helgerson said.
That’s statement is what Hughes family is taking issue with and more of a reason why they are fighting for the body camera footage to be released.
“Jaylin is afraid of police. He didn’t want to have any problems,” said Hughes’ uncle, Sidney Hughes. “I’m having problems trying to understand how a minor incident leaves a kid paralyzed.”
“I want all the facts brought out,” Sidney Hughes said. “He’s 19, so he’s prone to make 19-year-old mistakes but nothing out of the ordinary. He’s no gangster, no thug or anything like that.”
Hughes has been charged with obstruction of justice and possession of marijuana.
The officer involved is still on the job.
The post Family of injured Georgia teen wants police body camera footage released appeared first on theGrio.
from theGrio https://on.thegrio.com/2Foiypf
via
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)